Linguistics à UGC
NET Syllabus
NTA UGC NET/JRF/SET/SLET
Syllabus for Linguistics, Code No: 31
UGC NET Paper-2 Syllabus
1. Language and Linguistics
Notions of Language :
Language as written text—Philological and literary notions i.e., norm, purity
and their preservation, language as a cultural heritage—Codification and
transmission of cultural knowledge and behaviour, language as a marker of
social identity—Language boundary, Dialect and language—Codes of special
groups—Use of language(s) to express multiple identities; Language as an object
i.e., notion of autonomy, structure and its units and components; Language in
spoken and written modes and relation between them; Writing system—-Units of
writing—Sound (alphabetic), or Syllable (syllabic) and Morpheme/Word
(logographic).
Approaches to the Study of
Language : Semiotic approach—Interpretation of sign; language as
a system of social behaviour—Use of language in family, community and country;
Language as a system of communication— Communicative functions—Emotive,
Conative, Referential, Poetic, Metalinguistic and Phatic; Sign language; Animal
communication system and formal language; Design features of
language—Arbitrariness, Double articulation, Displacement, interchangeability
and specialisation; Language as a congnitive system—Knowledge representation;
Relation with culture and thought, i.e., concept formation; existence of
language faculty; linguistic competence, ideal speaker-hearer.
Structure of Language:
Levels and their hierarchy—Phonological. Morphological, Syntactic and semantic,
their interrelations; Universal and specific properties of language—Formal and
substantive universals. Synchronic and diachronic view of language; Language
relation—Genetic, areal and typological; Concepts of langue and parole,
idiolect and language.
Grammatical Analysis:
Linguistic units and their distribution at different levels; Notions of
contrast and complementation; -etic and -emic categorisation; Paradigmatic and
syntagmatic relations; Notions of word classes ( parts of speech ) and
grammatical categories; Grammatical relations and case relations; notion of
rule at different levels; description vs explanation of grammatical facts.
Linguistics and Others
Fields: Relevance of linguistics to other fields of enquiry—Philosophy,
Anthropology, Sociology, Political Science, Psychology, Education, Computer
Science and Literature.
2. Phonetics, Phonology and
Morphology
Phonetics:
Definition; Mechanisms of speech production—Airstream mechanism, oro-nasal process,
Phonation process and articulation ( place and manner ); cardinal vowels (
primary and secondary ); vowels and consonants ( liquids, glides ); secondary
articulation; coarticulation; syllable; phonetic transcription ( IPA );
suprasegmentals—Length, stress, tone, intonation and juncture.
Phonology:
Phonetics vs phonology; concept of phoneme, phone and allophone; Principles of
phonemic analysis—Phonetic similarity, contrast, complementary distribution,
free variation, economy, pattern congruity; alternation and neutralization;
distinctive features; syllable in phonology.
Morphology:
Scope and nature: concept of morpheme, morph, allomorph, portmanteau morph,
lexeme and word; identification of morphemes; morphological alternation;
morphophonemic process; internal and external sandhi; derivation vs inflection;
root and stem; grammatical categories—tense, aspect, mood, person, gender,
number, case; case marker and case relation; pre- and post-positions; affixes
vs clitics; stem vs word-based morphology; paradigmatic and syntagmatic
relations.
3. Syntax and Semantics
Traditional and
Structuralist Syntax: Parts of speech; Indian classification of
grammatical categories (naama, aakhyaata, upasarga, nipaata); structural
syntactic categories (word, phrase, clause etc.); functional syntactic
categories (subject, object, etc.); construction types (exocentric,
indocentric, etc.), Immediate Constituent Analysis.
Generative Syntax:
Universal grammar. Innateness Hypothesis, meaning of the term ‘generative’,
Transformational generative grammar, criteria for determining constituents,
Aspects model, Problems with the Aspects model, Ross’s constraints; Principles
and Parameters.
Meaning:
Types of meaning; descriptive, emotive and phatic; sense and reference,
connotation and denotation, sense relations (homonymy, synonymy, etc.); types
of opposition (taxonomic, polar, etc.); ambiguity, sentence meaning and truth
conditions, presupposition, entailment and implicature. speech acts, deixis,
definiteness, mood and modality, componential analysis.
4. Historical Linguistics
and South Asian Language Families
Introduction:
Synchronic and diachronic approaches to language; interrelationship between
diachronic and synchronic data; use of written records for historical studies;
language classification; notion of language family, criteria for identifying
family relationships among languages; definition of the word ‘cognate’;
language isolates; criteria for typological classification—agglutinative,
inflectional, analytic, synthetic and polysynthetic; basic word order
typology—SVO, SOV, etc.
Linguistic Change and
Reconstruction: Sound change; Neogrammarian theory of
gradualness and regularity of sound change; genesis and spread of sound change;
phonetic and phonemic change; split and merger; conditioned vs unconditioned
change; types of change—assimilation and dissimilation, coalescence,
metathesis^ deletion, epenthesis; Transformational-generative approach to sound
change—rule addition, rule deletion, rule generalisation, rule ordering; social
motivation for change; lexical diffusion of sound change; analogy and its
relationship to sound change; reconstructing the proto-stages of languages,
internal reconstruction and comparative method—their scopes and limitations;
innovation and retention; sub grouping within a family; family tree and wave
models; relative chronology of different changes.
Language Contact and
Dialect Geography: Linguistic borrowing—lexical and
structural; motivations—Prestige and need-filling ( including culture-based );
Classification of loan words—Loan translation, loan blend, calque, assimilated
and unassimilated loans (tadbhava and tatsama); Bilingualism as the source for
borrowing; dialect, idiolect; isogloss; methods of preparing dialect atlas,
focal area, transition area and relic area.
Language Families of South
Asia:
Indo-Aryan, Dravidian-, Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman; language
isolates—Bumshaski, Nahali—-their. geographical distribution, enumeration;
characteristics.
Areal Features of South
Asia:
South Asia as a linguistic area—phonological—length contrast in vowels and
consonants, retroflexion, open syllable structure; morphemic structure rules;
morphological and syntactical—agglutination, ergativity, agreement; productive
use of conjunctive participles; passives; causatives; echowords; phenomenon of
reduplication; copulative compounds; compound verbs, relative clause
construction; dative /genitive subject construction.
5. Socio-linguistics and
Applied Linguistics
Language and Society:
Speech community; verbal repertoire; linguistic and communicative competence; linguistic
variability and ethnography of speaking; socio-linguistic variables; patterns
of variation; regional, social and stylistic; restricted and elaborated codes;
diglossia.
Languages in Contact:
Types of bilingualism and bilinguals; borrowing; convergence; pidgins and
creoles; language maintenance and shift.
Sociology of Language:
Language planning; language standardization and modernization; language and
power; literacy—autonomous us ideological.
Scope of Applied
Linguistics: Language teaching; translation studies;
lexicography; stylistics; speech pathology; mass media and communication;
language and computers.
Language Learning and
Language Teaching: First and second language learning;
language acquisition in multilingual settings; behaviouristic and cognitive
theories of language learning; social and psychological aspects of second
language acquisition; methods, materials and teaching-aids in language
teaching; Computer Assisted Language Teaching ( CALT ); types of tests and
their standardization.www.netugc.com
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UGC NET Paper-3 Syllabus Continues
[Core Group]
इसे भी अब Paper-2
में ही रखा जाता है। पहले Core Group नाम से Paper-3 था। इसी की स्कैन की हुई विस्तृत सामग्री अभी उपलब्ध है।
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Unit—I
Phonetics:
Phonetics as a study of speech sounds; articulatory and acoustic phonetics;
mechanisms of speech production—air stream, phonation, oronasal process and
articulation; classification of sounds; complex articulation—secondary
articulation and coarticulation.
Acoustic Phonetics:
Sound waves—frequency, amplitude; periodic complex harmonics; fundamental ,
frequency, resonance, filtering, spectrum, spectrogram, pitch, loudness,
length; formants, transition, burst; voice onset time; aspiration; noise
spectra; cues for place and manner.
Phonemics:
Phoneme, Phone and allophone; contrast and complementary < distribution;
preliminary and analytical procedures of phonemic analysis.
Generative Phonology:
Two levels of phonological representation; phonological rules; distinctive
features (Major class, Manner. Place, etc.), Abstractness controversy; Rule
ordering types.
Lexical Phonology:
Distinction between lexical and post-lexical rules; principles of lexical
phonology-—structure preservation; strict cyclicity.
Unit—II
Types of Morphemes:
Root, stem, base, suffix, infix, prefix, portmanteau morpheme; affixes vs
clitics.
Morphological Processes:
Derivational vs inflectional processes (conjugation and declension); primary us
secondary derivation.
Level-ordered Morphology:
Hierarchical organization of words; lexical us non-lexical categories;
morphology—phonology interface.
Types of Compounding:
Endocentric (karmadhaaraya, tatpurusha), exocentric (bahuvriihi) copulative
compound (dvandva) and headedness of compounds; reduplication—morphological,
lexical and semantic; non- concatenative morphology.
Morphology-Syntax Interface:
Nominalization and the Lexicalist hypothesis; auxiliation (explicator compound
verb); incorporation and the morphology—syntax interface.
Unit—III
General Notions:
Structure and structure-dependence, diagnostics for structure; reference, co
reference and anaphoric reference; deixis— Demonstratives, tense, pronominals;
context; topic, focus, focusing devices; mood; thematic roles ( agent, patient,
etc. ); grammatical relations ( subject, object, etc. ); case (nominative,
accusative, etc.)—their interrelationships.
Phrase Structure:
X-bar theory; head, complement, specifier; binary branching: S as IP, S-bar as
CP; DP analysis of noun phrases; head-complement parameter.
Some Syntactic Operations
and Constructions: Movement and trace: passive, raising, WH-
movement (questions, relativization), topicalization, scrambling; adjunction
and substitution; head-to-head movement, movement to SPL deletion (gapping and
VP-deletion); ECM (exceptional case-marking), constructions, small clauses;
clefts and psuedo clefts.
Unit—IV
Meaning (descriptive,
emotive, phatic); sense and reference, connotation and
denotation; homonymy, hyponymy, antonymy, synonymy; propositions, ambiguity,
specific vs generic; definite and indefinite; compositionality and its
limitations; abihidha, laksana, vyanjana.
Pragmatics:
Presupposition, entailment and implicature; speech acts, indexicals.
Formal Foundations:
Membership, union, intersection, cardinality, powersets: mapping and functions;
propositions, truth values, sentential connectives; arguments, predicates,
quantifiers, variables.
Model-theoretic Semantics:
Different models and interpretation; possible words; mood and modality; tense
and aspect, counterfactuals.
Unit—V
Phonological Reconstruction:
Comparative method, collection of cognates, establishing phonological
correspondences; reconstruction of the phonemes of the proto-language based on
contrast and complementation; internal reconstruction as opposed to comparative
reconstruction; morphophonemic alternations as the source for reconstruction;
recovering historical contrasts by comparing, alternating and non-alternating
paradigms; accounting for exceptions to sound change—analogy, borrowing,
onomatopoeia, the interplay of analogy and sound change; regularisation by
analogy; paradigmatic analogy and pattern analogy; role of transparency in
analogy; status of reconstructed forms, dialect variation in proto-language.
Borrowing:
Lexical and structural; different types of borrowing-—cultural, intimate and
dialect; classification of loanwords; impact of borrowing on language; pidgins
and creoles.
Dialect Geography:
Preparation of questionnaire; selection of informants and localities;
elicitation of data; preparation of isogloss maps; deciding dialect and
-sub-dialect areas: correlating political and cultural history with regional
and social dialects.
Extensions of the
Neogrammarian Theory: Social motivation of social change: study
of sound change in progress; socio-linguistic studies of Martha’s. Vineyard.
and New York City; lexical diffusion—concept and application,
Morphosyntactic
Reconstruction, and Semantic Change; Phonological
reconstruction applied to morphological reconstruction; phonological change
leading to changes in morphology and syntax; syncretism, grammaticalisation and
lexicalisation; principles of recovering grammatical categories and contrasts;
semantic change—extension, narrowing, figurative speech, subreption,
postulation of past-cultural systems—kinship and social system, environment,
etc.
Unit—VI
Speech as Social Interaction:
Speech community and language boundaries; communicative competence; speech
event and its components; rules of speaking; social significance of Gricean
Maxims and conversational implicature; pragmatics of politeness; semantics of
power and solidarity; social processes and linguistic structures;
cross-cultural perspectives on speech events.
Linguistic Variability:
Variation in linguistic behaviour; language and identity; restricted and
elaborated codes; linguistic variables and their linguistic, social and
psychological dimensions; language and social inequality; linguistic and social
attitudes and stereotypes.
Language Contact:
Bilingualism; bilingual proficiency; code-mixing and code-switching; effects of
bilingualism on the individual and the society; languages of wider
communication; lingua franca; language loyalty, language maintenance and shift;
language convergence; pidginization and creolization.
Language Development:
Language planning; corpus and status planning; codification and elaboration;
language movements—State and societal interventions, e.g., writers and NGOs;
script development and modifications; problems of linguistic minorities;
literacy—socio-linguistic and political aspects.
Sociolinguistic Methodology :
Sampling and tools; identification of socio-linguistic variables and their
variants; data processing and interpretation; quantitative analysis; variable
rules; ethnomethodology; participant observation; qualitative analysis of data.
Unit—VII
Linguistics and
Psycholinguistics : Language and other signalling systems:
biological bases of human language—experimental studies of teaching language to
primates, language in evolutionary context, brain-language relationship and its
models, cerebral dominance and lateralization, bilingual brain, the critical
period hypothesis; the different theoretical orientations—
empiricist-behaviourist, biological nativist, and congnitive—interactionalist;
language and cognition—-Linguistic relativity and perceptual categories.
Developmental
Psycho-linguistics : First language acquisition and second
language learning; bilingual acquisition, issues and processes in language
acquisition; three periods in the history of child language studies—diary,
large sample and longitudinal; stages of language acquisition; acquisition of
formal aspects of language—speech sounds, lexical items, grammatical and
syntactic categories; language and environmental factors—Motherese; second
language learning—implications of first language acquisitions; social and
psychological factors in second language learning; learning of reading and
writing skills.
Language Processing :
The processes of perception—comprehension and production; perceptual units and
perceptual strategies; parsing and parsing strategies; steps in comprehension;
sentence comprehension and discourse comprehension; mental representation of
language and lexicon; relationship between comprehension and production;
sentence and discourse strategies in comprehension and production; speech
errors as evidence of language production.
Applied Psycho-linguistics :
Aphasia and its clinical and linguistic classifications; anomia, and dyslexia;
stuttering; language in mental retardation; language in schizophrenia; language
loss in aging; language in the hearing-impaired; data from normative and
pathological language and their use for assessment of speech and language
impairment; therapeutic intervention.
Unit—VIII
Processes of Learning:
Language as a formal system and as a major factor in communication; learning a
language and learning through language; behaviourist and cognitive theories of
language learning including—Skinner, Piaget and Chomsky, etc., learning and
communicative strategies, focus on the learner.
Language Teaching Analysis:
Goals of language teaching and needs of analysis —First and Second language
acquisition, Linguistic theory and language teaching syllabus—methods and
materials; the role of the teacher and teacher training; role of self-access
packages; socio-linguistic and psychological aspects of language teaching.
Learner Output:
Conceptualising language proficiency in multi-lingual settings; interaction
between the learner’s languages and the target languages— Contrastive Analysis
( CA ), Error analysis and Interlanguage; Basic Interpersonal Communicative
Skills ( BICS ) and Cognitive Advanced Language Proficiency ( CALP ); types of
tests and their validity and reliability.
Literacy:
Conceptualising literacy; role of language in literacy; oralcy and literacy;
literacy development and empowerment; State initiatives, campaign- based
programmes and other non-governmental initiatives; literacy drives emergence
and role of social movements.
Mass Communication:
Role of language in mass communication; impact of mass media on language, types
of language used in mass media e.g., news, advertising, editorials, etc.;
language of mass media and social change.
Unit—IX
Language Typology,
Universals and Linguistic Relatedness: Language typology and
language universals; Morphological types of languages—agglutinative, analytical
(isolating), synthetic fusional (inflecting), infixing and polysynthetic
(incorporating) languages. Formal and substantive universals, Absolute and
statistical universals; Implicational and Non-implicational universals;
Linguistic relatedness—Genetic, typological and areal classification of
languages.
Inductive vs Deductive
Approaches: Parametric variation and language universals; Word
Order typology; Greenberg’s characteristics for verb final and verb medial
languages and related features in the context of South Asian Languages.
Salient Features of South
Asian Language Families: Phonetic, phonological, morphological,
and syntactic features of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and
Tibeto-Burman language families of South Asia; Language contact and convergence
with special reference to the concept of ‘India as a Linguistic Area’; Contact
induced typological change; convergence and syntactic change.
Phonology, Morphology and
Syntax of South Asian Languages: An in-depth study of
retroflexion, vowel harmony, reduplication, echo formation, expressives (
onomatopoeia ), morphological, lexical and periphrastic causatives, explicator
compound verbs, participles ( conjunctive, perfect, imperfect ),
relative-correlative clauses, experiencer constructions ( dative/genitive
subject ), anaphora, complementation, verb be, the quotative and agreement.
Unit—X
Making of a Dictionary;
Dictionary entries—arrangement and information, meaning descriptions—synonymy,
polysemy, homonymy, antonymy and hyponymy; treatment of technical terms vs
general words.
Types of Dictionaries:
Comprehensive and concise, monolingual and bilingual, general and learner’s,
historical and etymological, dictionary of idioms and phrases, encyclopaedic
dictionary, electronic dictionary, reverse dictionary, thesaurus and other
distinguishing purposes and features of various types; difference between glossing,
dictionary and lexicon.
Nature of Translation:
Paraphrase, translation and transcreation; translation of literary text and
technical text; theories of translation; use of linguistics in translation;
linguistic affinity and translatability. ’
Methods of Translation:
Unit of translation; equivalence of meaning and style; translation loss;
problems of cultural terms; scientific terms; idioms, metaphors and proverbs;
evaluation of translation; fidelity and readability; types of
translation—simultaneous interpretation, machine aided translation, media
translation ( dubbing, copy-editing, advertisement, slogans, jingles, etc. )
Nature and Methods of
Stylistic Analysis: Style—stylistic individual, style, period,
style as choice, style as deviation, style as riiti, style as alankaara; style
as vyanjana ( vakrokti ) foregrounding; parallelism levels of stylistic
analysis—phonological, lexical, syntactic and semantic.
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Paper-3 (Part-B)
Paper-3 (Part-B)
पहले इन पाँच समूहों में
से किसी एक से विस्तृत उत्तरीय प्रश्न करने होते थे। अब यह भी Paper-2 का हिस्सा है।
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[Elective / Optional]
[Elective / Optional]
Elective—I
Introduction:
Computational linguistics and its relation to allied disciplines in cognitive
science—philosophy, psychology and artificial intelligence; a brief history of
the area of inquiry—Babbage to von Neuman, computing machines from the abacus
to the IBM PC; hardware—the basic components and peripherals of a digital
computer; software—machine langauge, compilers; interpreters—information
processing, structuring and manipulating data.
Phonology, Morphology and
Lexicography : Finite state implementation of
phonological rules, item- and arrangement-morphology and its implementation,
item- and process-morphology; a brief introduction to KIMMO; morphological
recognizers, analyzers and generators for Indian languages.
Computational Lexicography:
The craft of dictionary making; the digital computer as a lexicographic tool;
lexical databases and on-line dictionary— corpus-based dictionaries; lexical
acquisition from Machine Readable Dictionaries (MRDs); major lexicographical
projects—the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) and the Collins
Cobuild Project.
Parsing, Syntax and
Semantics : Parsing and generation, top-down and bottom up
parsing; types of parsers; unification and unification-based grammars— Definite
Clause Grammar (DCG), Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG); Lexical
Functional Grammar (LFG), Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and Tree
Adjoining Grammar (TAG).
Reference and compositionality,
Functions and arguments, Meanings of referring expressions and predicates;
Meanings of determiners, quantifiers, adverbs, adjectives and prepositions;
Putting meanings.www.netugc.com
Corpus Linguistics:
Corpus-building and corpus-processing, SGML and Text Encoding Initiative,
Corpus tagging and Tree banks, Corpus projects—the Brown Corpus and
Lancaster-Oslo Bergen ( LOB ) Corpus, the Survey of English Usage ( SEU ),
Corpus and London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English ( LLC ), The Kolhapur Corpus of
Indian English; the TDIL Corpus Project of the Deptt. of Electronics.
Language Technology:
Natural language interface to databases, Cooperative response systems, Speech
.technology—text-to-speech and speech-to-text systems, Machine ( aided )
translation; computer aided language teaching; text processing; Major European
and American Projects; the Japanese Fifth Generation Initiative, Natural
langauge processing in India.
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Elective—II
Elective—II
Basic Issues in the
Principles and Parameters Theory: Interaction of principles
within certain parameters, language specific examples and the question of basic
word order; problems with the theory.
From Principles and
Parameters Theory to the Minimalist Program: Reasons for
discarding D-structure and S-structure. How does the computational system work
in the Minimalist Program? Functional categories and the significance of DP
analysis; AGRsP, AGRoP, and Tense- Phrase; scope for innovation to account for
language specific phrasal categories.
Some Key Concepts in the
Minimalist Program: Spell-out, greed, procrastination, last
resort, AGR-based case theory, multiple-spec hypothesis, strong and weak
features; interpretable and non-interpretable features.
Transformational Components:
The copy theory of Movement, its properties., motivation for move Alpha, LF and
PF movement, checking devices and features of convergence.
Elective—III
Prosodic Phonology;
The syllable, the Foot, the word, the phonological phrase, the International
phrase, Generalizations based on prosodic units.
Auto segmental Phonology:
Tone. Nasal spread, vowel harmony; C-V tier; Prosodic Morphology; feature
hierarchy.
Non-derivational Phonology:
Optimality theory—main theoretical assumptions: Constraint rankings.
Elective—IV
Socio-Linguistics:
Socio-linguistic perspective to the process of language change; social
motivation and mechanisms of sound change. Language, ideology and social
change, the power-politics of language standardization; Implications for
literacy and school education; language and gender.
Communication Networks:
Networks and speech and verbal repertoire, ‘Types of network, Redefining
‘speech community’ in terms of networks, Speech and multiple identities.
Ethnography of
Communication and Ethnomethodology; ‘Talk’, ‘Discourse’ and
‘turntaking’; Redefining communicative competence; Communication and social
structure.
Elective—V
Brain Pathology and
Language Breakdown: Aphasia and its classification; classical
categories, linguistic account, overview of linguistic aphasiology, anomia and
agrammatism; dyslexia and its classification.
Linguistics and Language
Pathology: Use of linguistics in diagnosis and prognosis of
language disorders; language pathology and normal language,
Language Pathology and
Language Disorders; Stuttering; nature and analysis of
language in psychopathological conditions; schizophrenic language: language in
mental retardation.
Language Disorders and
Intervention: Variation in language disorders; need and
scope of intervention: therapeutic use of language.
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