ब्लॉख और ट्रेगर

 ब्लॉख  और ट्रेगर

डॉ. धनजी प्रसाद

सहायक प्रोफेसर, भाषाविज्ञान और भाषा प्रौद्योगिकी

ब्लॉख का पूरा नाम Bernard Bloch और ट्रेगर का पूरा नाम George L. Trager है। इन्होंने भाषा की परिभाषा इस प्रकार से दी है-

“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.”

(Outline of Linguistic Analysis)

इनके द्वारा दी गई यह परिभाषा भाषा की अत्यंत प्रसिद्ध परिभाषाओं में से रही है। इनकी पुस्तक का नाम Outline of Linguistic Analysis है जो 1942 में प्रकाशित हुई थी। इस पुस्तक में  Kemp Malone, M. B. Emeneau, Robert A. Hall Jr. आदि विद्वानों ने भी कार्य किया है। ये दोनों ही अमेरिकी भाषाविद हैं।

George L. Trager ने प्रमुख अमेरिकी भाषाविदों, जैसे- सपीर (Edward Sapir), मोरिस (Morris Swadesh), होर्फ (Benjamin Lee Whorf), हॉकेट (Charles Hockett) और ब्लूमफील्ड (Leonard Bloomfield) के साथ काम किया था। ट्रेगर द्वारा Encyclopædia Britannica के 14वें संस्करण के लिए Language and Linguistics खंड का लेखन किया गया।

Bernard Bloch ‘Yale University’ में भाषाविज्ञान के प्रोफेसर रहे हैं। 1953 में इन्हें Linguistic Society of America का अध्यक्ष चुना गया था। वे सन् 1940 से जीवनपर्यंत इस सोसाइटी के सुप्रसिद्ध जर्नल Language के संपादक रहे।

Bernard Bloch के प्रमुख कार्य इस प्रकार हैं-

·       Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada: Section I. Linguistic Atlas of New England, Vol.1, Maps (with Hans Kurath, Miles L. Hanley, Marcus L. Hansen, Guy S. Lowman, Jr.), Brown University, Providence, 1939

·       "Postvocalic r in New England speech, a study in American dialect geography." In Readings in American Dialectology, eds. Harold Byron Allen and Gary N. Underwood. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts., 1939

·       Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England (with Hans Kurath, Marcus L. Hansen, Julia Bloch), Brown University, Providence, 1939

·       Linguistic Atlas of New England, Vol.2, Maps (with Hans Kurath, etc.), Brown University, Providence, 1943

·       Phonology

·       "The Syllabic Phonemes of English" ~ "Language 17" (with G. L. Trager), 1941

·       "Phonemic Overlapping" ~ "American Speech 16", 1941

·       "A Set of Postulates for Phonemic Analysis" ~ "Language 24", 1948

·       Syntax

 

·       Outline of Linguistic Analysis (with G. L. Trager), Waverly Press, Baltimore, 1942

·       Japanese translation: "言語分析の概要", 南雲堂, 1980

·       Analysis of Japanese

 

·       Spoken Japanese, 2 vols., Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1945, 1946 (with E. H. Jordan)

·       "Studies in Colloquial Japanese"

·       "Studies in Colloquial Japanese: I.Inflection" ~ "Journal of the American Oriental Society 66", 1946

·       "II.Syntax" ~ "Language 22", 1946

·       "III.Derivation of Inflected Words" ~ "Journal of the American Oriental Society 66"

·       "IV.Phonemics" ~ "Language 26", 1950

·       Bernard Bloch on Japanese, Yale University Press, New Haven/London, 1970 (ed. R. A. Miller)

·       Japanese translation: "ブロック日本語論考", 林栄一 監・訳, 研究社, 1975

·       "Studies in Colloquial Japanese: I. Inflection" ~ "Journal of the American Oriental Society 66", 1946

·       "II. Syntax" ~ "Language 22", 1946

·       "III. Derivation of Inflected Words" ~ "Journal of the American Oriental Society 66"

·       "IV. Phonemics" ~ "Language 26", 1950

George L. Trager की प्रमुख रचनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं-

·       Trager, George L. (1930). The pronunciation of "short a" in American Standard English. American Speech 5:396–400.

·       Trager, George L. (1933). The Old Church Slavonic Kiev fragment its accents and their relation to modern Slavonic accentuation. Language monograph (No. 13). Language, 9 (1), 4–28.

·       Trager, George L. (1934). What conditions limit variants of a phoneme? American Speech, 9, 313–15.

·       Trager, George L. (1934). The phonemes of Russian. Language, 10 (4), 334–344.

·       Trager, George L. (1935). Some Spanish place names of Colorado. American Speech, 10 (3), 203–207.

·       Trager, George L. (1936). ðə lɛŋgwiɟ əv ðə pweblow əv Taos (*nuw meksikow) [The language of the pueblo of Taos (New Mexico)]. Maître Phonétique, 56, 59–62. JSTOR 44704883

·       Trager, George L. (1938). "Cottonwood-tree", a south-western linguistic trait. International Journal of American Linguistics, 9 (2/4), 117–118.

·       Trager, George L. (1939). The days of the week in the language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. Language, 15, 51–55.

·       Trager, George L. (1940). Appendix. In E. C. Parsons, Taos Tales. New York.

·       Trager, George L. (1940). One phonemic entity becomes two: The case of "short a. American Speech, 15, 255–58.

·       Trager, George L. (1940). Serbo-Croatian accents and quantities. Language, 16 (1), 29–32.

·       Trager, George L. (1940). The Russian gender categories. Language, 16 (4), 300–307.

·       Trager, George L. (1941). ə ˈnəwt on æ ənd æ̝ˑ in əˈmerikən ˈiŋɡliʃ. Maître Phonétique, 17–19. JSTOR 44708001

·       Trager, George L. (1941). Auxiliary verbs in Russian. Language, 17 (2), 151–152.

·       Trager, George L. (1942). The phoneme 'T': A study in theory and method. American Speech, 17 (3), 144–148.

·       Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1–10.

·       Trager, George L. (1942). The phonemic treatment of semivowels. Language, 18 (3), 220–223.

·       Trager, George L. (1942). Introduction to Russian, a course for college students. New Haven: Yale University, Department of Oriental Studies.

·       Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557–571.

·       Trager, George L. (1944). Spanish and English loanwords in Taos. International Journal of American Linguistics, 10 (4), 144–158.

·       Trager, George L. (1944). The verb morphology of spoken French. Language, 20 (3), 131–141.

·       Trager, George L. (1945). Analysis of a Kechuan text. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (2), 86–96.

·       Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America (pp. 184–221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.

·       Trager, George L. (1946). Changes of emphasis in linguistics: A comment. Studies in Philology, 43, 461–464.

·       Trager, George L. (1948). The Indian languages of Brazil. International Journal of American Linguistics, 14 (1), 43–48.

·       Trager, George L. (1948). A status symbol and personality at Taos Pueblo. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 4 (3), 299–304.

·       Trager, George L. (1948). Taos I: A language revisited. International Journal of American Linguistics, 14 (3), 155–160.

·       Trager, George L. (1949). The field of linguistics. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 1).

·       Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistic history and ethnologic history in the Southwest. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 41, 341–343.

·       Trager, George L. (1951). Linguistic history and ethnologic history in the Southwest. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 41, 341–343.

·       Trager, George L. (1961). The typology of paralanguage. Anthropological Linguistics, 3 (1), 17–21.

·       Trager, George L. (1962). A scheme for the cultural analysis of sex. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 18 (2), 114–118.

·       Trager, George L. (1963). Linguistics is linguistics. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 8).

·       Trager, George L. (1965). A schematic outline for the processual analysis of culture. Buffalo, NY: SUNY at Buffalo.

·       Trager, George L. (1967). A componential morphemic analysis of English personal pronouns. Language, 43 (1), 372–378.

·       Trager, George L. (1969). Taos and Picuris: How long separated?. International Journal of American Linguistics, 35 (2), 180–182.

·       Trager, George L. (1972). Language and languages. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company.

·       Trager, George L. (1975). Language nomenclature. Studies in Linguistics, 25, 1–8.

·       Trager, George L.; & Bloch, Bernard. (1941). The syllabic phonemes of English. Language, 17 (3), 223–246.

·       Trager, George L.; & Harben, Felicia E. (1958). North American Indian languages: Classification and maps. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 5). Buffalo, NY: University of Buffalo, Department of Anthropology and Linguistics.

·       Trager, George L.; & Mutziger, John G. (1947). The linguistic structure of Mongolian placenames. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 67 (3), 184–195.

·       Trager, George L.; & Rice, Frank A. (1954). The personal-pronoun system of Classical Arabic. Language, 30 (2), 224–229.

·       Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1950). A chronology of Indo-Hittite. Studies in Linguistics, 80, 61–70.

·       Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1951). An outline of English structure. Studies in Linguistics occasional papers (No. 3). Norman, OK: Battenberg Press.

·       Trager, George L.; & Smith, Henry L. (1953). The chronology of North European: A rejoinder. American Anthropologist, 55 (2), 295–299.

·       Trager, George L.; & Trager, Edith Crowell. (1959). Kiowa and Tanoan. American Anthropologist, 61 (6), 1078–1083.

·       Trager, George L.; & Valdez, Genevieve. (1937). English loans in Colorado Spanish. American Speech, 12 (1), 34–44.