पियाजे (Jean Piaget, 1896–1980) द्वारा संज्ञानात्मक विकास के बताए गए चरणों
को इस प्रकार से देख सकते हैं-
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स्तर
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आयु
(अवधि)
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विवरण
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इंद्रिय-यंत्र अवस्था
(Sensorimotor stage)
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शैशवावस्था {Infancy
(0–2 वर्ष)}
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Intelligence is present;
motor activity but no symbols;
knowledge is developing yet
limited; knowledge is based on experiences/ interactions;
mobility allows child to
learn new things;
some language skills are
developed at the end of this stage.
The goal is to develop
object permanence;
achieves basic understanding
of causality, time, and space.
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पूर्व-क्रियात्मक अवस्था
(Pre-operational stage)
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आरंभिक बाल्यावस्था {Toddler
and Early Childhood (2–7 वर्ष)}
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Symbols or language skills
are present;
memory and imagination are
developed;
nonreversible and nonlogical
thinking;
shows intuitive problem
solving;
begins to see relationships;
grasps concept of
conservation of numbers;
egocentric thinking
predominates.
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ठोस क्रियात्मक अवस्था
(Concrete operational stage)
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आरंभिक युवावस्था
{Elementary and Early
Adolescence (7–12 years)}
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Logical and systematic form
of intelligence;
manipulation of symbols
related to concrete objects;
thinking is now
characterized by reversibility and the ability to take the role of another;
grasps concepts of the
conservation of mass, length, weight, and volume;
operational thinking
predominates nonreversible and egocentric thinking
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रूपात्मक क्रियात्मक अवस्था
(Formal operational stage)
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युवावस्था और वयस्कावस्था
{Adolescence and Adulthood
(12 years and on)}
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Logical use of symbols
related to abstract concepts;
Acquires flexibility in
thinking as well as the capacities for abstract thinking and mental
hypothesis testing;
can consider possible
alternatives in complex reasoning and problem solving.[18]
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